Mark 4 : 15

The copula εἰσιν/sunt stands early in Greek and Latin, immediately following the demonstrative subject; the Peshitta defers the copula ܐܢܘܢ to after a resumptive demonstrative ܗܠܝܢ, producing the typical Syriac framing 'these who...these are.' This is a word-order/construction difference rather than a semantic one.

Greek substantivises with the article οἱ ('the ones') and Latin with the relative qui; the Peshitta achieves the same nominalisation by reduplicating the demonstrative ܗܠܝܢ, a construction-level equivalence.

Greek παρά and Latin circa denote spatial proximity ('beside/along the way'); the Syriac compound ܕܥܠ ('which [are] upon/by') frames the location with a relative-prepositional construction, semantically equivalent but syntactically distinct.

The Greek τὴν ὁδόν and Latin viam render 'the road/way' with a single noun; the Peshitta uses the idiomatic locative phrase ܝܕ ܐܘܪܚܐ ('the side/edge of the road,' lit. 'hand of the way'), an Aramaic spatial idiom for 'beside the path.'

Greek σπείρεται and Latin seminatur are simple passives ('is sown'); the Peshitta ܕܡܙܕܪܥܐ employs the Ethpaʿʿal (reflexive-passive) of z-r-ʿ prefixed with the relative ܕ, integrating the verb into the relative clause governing the location, a grammar/construction-level difference.

Greek ὅταν and Latin cum mark the temporal/conditional clause separately; the Syriac fuses the conjunction with the preceding 'and' as ܘܡܐ ('and when'), a single compound particle covering both ideas 11 and 12 of the Greek.

Greek ἀκούσωσιν is an aorist subjunctive ('they may hear') governed by ὅταν, and Latin audierint is a future-perfect subjunctive; the Peshitta ܕܫܡܥܘ uses a perfect with relative ܕ, treating the hearing as a completed antecedent action—a grammar/tense difference reflecting each language's conditional-temporal idiom.

Greek αἴρει and Latin aufert stand as independent finite verbs ('takes away'); the Peshitta encodes the verb within ܘܫܩܠ ('and removes'), the conjunction and verb fused, with the action expressed as a single coordinated clause.

The Peshitta inserts the proleptic object pronoun ܠܗ ('it'), anticipating the noun ܠܡܠܬܐ that follows; this resumptive double-marking of the object is a characteristic Syriac construction with no counterpart in the Greek or Latin.

Greek uses an articular perfect passive participle τὸν ἐσπαρμένον ('the [word] having been sown'); Latin expands into a relative clause with periphrastic perfect quod seminatum est ('which has been sown'); the Peshitta ܕܙܪܝܥܐ uses a relative ܕ plus passive participle, equivalent in sense but realised by three differing constructions.

Greek reads anomalously εἰς ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτούς ('into the hearts—them'), with εἰς+dative and an accusative pronoun, a textually disputed and grammatically irregular phrase; Latin smooths this to in cordibus eorum ('in their hearts'), and the Peshitta likewise to ܒܠܒܗܘܢ ('in their hearts'). Both versions presuppose the better-attested reading ἐν ταῖς καρδίαις αὐτῶν and correct the Greek's syntactic anomaly.