Mark 9 : 12

Greek employs a participial construction (ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθείς ἔφη, 'the one answering said') with article and postpositive δέ; Peshitta uses a simple finite verb (ܐܡܪ ܠܗܘܢ, 'he said to them'); Vulgate mirrors Greek with a relative pronoun and participle (Qui respondens ait illis). All three convey identical meaning through different syntactic strategies.

Greek μέν (a correlative particle anticipating a following contrast or continuation) is absent in both Peshitta and Vulgate. This particle is often untranslatable in translation languages and does not affect the semantic content of the clause.

Greek uses aorist participle + adverb (ἐλθὼν πρῶτον, 'having come first'); Vulgate employs cum + perfect subjunctive + adverb (cum venerit primo, 'when he will have come first'); Peshitta places the verb before the temporal adverb (ܐܬܐ ܠܘܩܕܡ, 'comes first'). The temporal sequence is identical across all three traditions despite syntactic variation.

Greek uses present tense ἀποκαθιστάνει ('restores') with neuter plural πάντα; Peshitta employs a subordinate clause with ܕ ('that') + ܟܠܡܕܡ ('everything') + imperfect ܢܬܩܢ ('he will restore'); Vulgate uses future restituet omnia. The Peshitta's subordinate construction and the tense variations reflect translation choices rather than textual variants.

Greek καὶ connects the two clauses coordinately; Peshitta uses ܘ (waw) similarly; Vulgate inserts a colon after omnia, creating a stronger pause before et quomodo. This punctuation choice in the Vulgate tradition slightly elevates the rhetorical force of the following question.

Greek uses interrogative adverb + perfect passive (πῶς γέγραπται, 'how has it been written'); Peshitta employs ܐܝܟܢܐ ܟܬܝܒ ('how is it written') with passive participle; Vulgate expands to quomodo scriptum est ('how it has been written') with explicit copula. All three preserve the rhetorical question structure.

Greek uses preposition ἐπὶ + accusative article-noun phrase (ἐπὶ τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, 'concerning the Son of Man'); Peshitta uses ܥܠ + construct phrase (ܥܠ ܒܪܗ ܕܐܢܫܐ); Vulgate employs in + accusative (in Filium hominis). The prepositional choices (ἐπί vs. in vs. ܥܠ) reflect standard translation equivalents for expressing 'concerning' or 'about.'

Greek ἵνα introduces a purpose/result clause; Peshitta uses ܕ (d-) as a subordinating particle; Vulgate employs ut. All three introduce the content of what is written about the Son of Man, though Greek ἵνα can carry either purpose or epexegetical force here.