Mark 10 : 41

Greek Καί is a simple coordinating conjunction governing the participle ἀκούσαντες; the Peshitta renders ܘܟܕ ('and when'), making the temporal force explicit with a subordinating particle, while the Vulgate retains the bare paratactic Et. The Syriac thus grammaticalises the circumstantial nuance left implicit in the aorist participle.

Greek aorist participle ἀκούσαντες and Latin present participle audientes both render the action attributively/circumstantially, whereas the Peshitta ܫܡܥܘ is a finite perfect verb ('they heard') coordinated by the preceding ܘܟܕ. The difference is one of participial versus finite subordination, semantically equivalent.

Greek substantivises the numeral with the article (οἱ δέκα, 'the ten'); both the Vulgate decem and the Peshitta ܥܣܪܐ render the cardinal without an article, Syriac and Latin lacking the Greek definite article and supplying the substantival sense contextually.

Greek and Latin coordinate the two names with a separate conjunction plus the second name (καὶ Ἰωάννου / et Joanne); the Peshitta prefixes the conjunction proclitically to the name itself (ܘܝܘܚܢܢ, 'and-John'), a normal feature of Syriac orthography rather than a substantive variant.