Mark 14 : 21

Vulgate inserts 'Et' ('And') at the verse opening, absent in both Greek and Peshitta. This conjunction links the verse more explicitly to the preceding context, a characteristic Vulgate stylistic choice for narrative flow.

Greek employs the postpositive particle μέν ('indeed') after the article ὁ for emphasis, creating the sequence 'the indeed Son of Man.' Vulgate mirrors this with 'Filius quidem hominis,' placing 'quidem' post-nominally. Peshitta omits any emphatic particle, using the simple construct chain ܒܪܗ ܕܐܢܫܐ ('Son of Man') with prefixed conjunction ܘ ('and').

Greek uses the perfect passive periphrastic γέγραπται ('it has been written'), a single-word form. Vulgate renders this with the participial construction 'scriptum est' (perfect passive participle + auxiliary), semantically identical but syntactically expanded. Peshitta uses the simple passive participle ܕܟܬܝܒ, structurally closer to Greek.

Vulgate inserts a colon after 'eo' to mark the major clause boundary before the 'woe' pronouncement. Greek uses a comma (modern editions), Peshitta has no explicit punctuation marker. This reflects Latin rhetorical convention for emphasizing the shift from statement to malediction.

Greek uses ἄνθρωπος (G0444, generic 'man/human') with article and demonstrative ἐκείνῳ. Peshitta employs ܓܒܪܐ (gaḇrā, 'man/male individual') with demonstrative ܗܘ, a more specific anthropological term. Vulgate uses 'homini illi,' mirroring Greek's generic sense. The Syriac choice may emphasize Judas's individual agency.

Greek uses the prepositional phrase δι᾽ οὗ ('through whom'), indicating instrumentality. Vulgate mirrors this with 'per quem.' Peshitta substitutes ܕܒܐܝܕܗ ('by whose hand'), a Semitic idiom for agency that makes the instrumental relationship more concrete and physical, typical of Syriac translation technique.

Greek places the verb παραδίδοται ('is betrayed') after the subject 'Son of Man.' Peshitta fronts the verb ܡܫܬܠܡ before the subject (tokens 12-13), creating a verb-subject-object sequence typical of Semitic syntax. Vulgate follows Greek word order with 'tradetur' in final position.

Vulgate inserts an exclamation mark after 'tradetur,' heightening the emotional force of the betrayal statement. Greek uses a semicolon (modern editions), Peshitta has no explicit marker. This reflects Latin rhetorical intensification of the malediction.

Greek uses the aorist passive ἐγεννήθη ('was born'), a single finite verb. Vulgate employs the pluperfect subjunctive periphrasis 'esset natus' (imperfect subjunctive of 'to be' + perfect passive participle), reflecting Latin's preference for compound tense forms in contrary-to-fact conditions. Peshitta uses the simple ethpeal (passive) ܐܬܝܠܕ, structurally parallel to Greek.

Greek places the article-noun-demonstrative sequence ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος in final position. Peshitta fronts this phrase (ܠܓܒܪܐ ܗܘ, tokens 17-18) before the conditional clause (tokens 19-21), creating a topicalized structure that emphasizes the subject. Vulgate follows Greek order with 'homo ille' in final position.