Mark 3 : 31

The Peshitta combines the conjunction and verb into a single prefixed form ܘܐܬܘ (w-ʾetaw, 'and they came'), whereas Greek and Latin maintain separate tokens for conjunction and verb. This reflects standard Syriac morphology where the conjunction ܘ is prefixed to the verb.

Greek employs the article ἡ with μήτηρ αὐτοῦ (nominative singular feminine with genitive pronoun); Vulgate omits the article as Latin lacks definite articles, rendering mater ejus; Peshitta uses the emphatic state ܐܡܗ (ʾemmēh, 'his mother') with pronominal suffix, a typical Semitic construction functionally equivalent to the Greek articular noun.

The Vulgate inserts a colon after fratres to mark a major syntactic break before the participial clause, creating a two-sentence structure. Neither the Greek nor the Peshitta tradition employs punctuation at this juncture, maintaining a single continuous sentence.

Greek places the adverb before the participle (ἔξω στήκοντες, 'outside standing'); Vulgate follows this order (foris stantes); Peshitta reverses the sequence with ܩܝܡܝܢ ܠܒܪ (qāymīn l-bar, 'standing outside'), placing the participle before the prepositional phrase—a stylistic preference within Syriac syntax.

Greek ἀπέστειλαν πρὸς αὐτὸν employs the verb with prepositional phrase (three tokens); Latin miserunt ad eum mirrors this structure; Peshitta ܘܫܕܪܘ (w-šaddar-w, 'and they sent') uses a single prefixed verb form, with the indirect object implied or absorbed into the following purpose clause, reflecting Syriac economy of expression.

Greek uses a present participle καλοῦντες αὐτόν ('calling him') as a supplementary modifier; Vulgate vocantes eum replicates this participial construction; Peshitta employs a purpose clause ܕܢܩܪܘܢܝܗܝ (d-neqrūn-ayhy, 'that they might call him'), introduced by the particle ܕ, converting the Greek participle into a finite subordinate verb—a common Syriac strategy for rendering Greek participial phrases.

The Peshitta adds ܠܗܘܢ (l-hōn, 'to them') as a dative pronoun, clarifying that the calling was directed toward the family members themselves or for their benefit. This explanatory addition has no equivalent in the Greek or Latin witnesses and represents a Syriac interpretive expansion to specify the beneficiary of the action.