Mark 10:23 — 希臘文 / 別西大 / 武加大對齊

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omission Two witnesses

Greek NT καὶ

Vulgate Et

The Peshitta omits the initial conjunction καί / Et, beginning instead with the particle ܕܝܢ (dēn, 'but/now'), which functions as a discourse marker rather than a simple coordinating conjunction.

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expansion Peshitta only

Peshitta ܕܝܢ

The Peshitta inserts the discourse particle ܕܝܢ (dēn, 'but/now') to mark narrative transition, a common Syriac stylistic feature absent from both Greek and Latin witnesses.

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grammar All three attest

Greek NT ὁ Ἰησοῦς

Peshitta ܝܫܘܥ

Vulgate Jesus

Greek employs the definite article ὁ with Ἰησοῦς; Vulgate and Peshitta lack articles (Latin has no article system; Syriac uses the emphatic state ܝܫܘܥ without separate article).

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construction All three attest

Greek NT τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ·

Peshitta ܒܬܠܡܝܕܘܗܝ ܠܗܘܢ

Vulgate discipulis suis

Greek uses article + noun + possessive pronoun (τοῖς μαθηταῖς αὐτοῦ); Vulgate mirrors this with noun + possessive (discipulis suis); Peshitta employs a single bound form ܒܬܠܡܝܕܘܗܝ with pronominal suffix, a more compact Semitic construction.

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punctuation Vulgate only

Vulgate Quam

The Vulgate inserts a colon to mark the transition to direct discourse, a punctuation convention absent from Greek and Peshitta manuscript traditions.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT πῶς δυσκόλως

Peshitta ܟܡܐ ܥܛܠܐ

Vulgate difficile qui

Greek and Peshitta use interrogative + adverb (πῶς δυσκόλως / ܟܡܐ ܥܛܠܐ, 'how difficultly'); Vulgate inverts to exclamatory adverb + adjective (Quam difficile, 'how difficult'), shifting from adverbial to adjectival construction.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT οἱ τὰ χρήματα ἔχοντες

Peshitta ܠܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܢܟܣܐ

Vulgate pecunias habent in

Greek uses substantival article + article + noun + participle (οἱ τὰ χρήματα ἔχοντες, 'those having the riches'); Vulgate employs relative pronoun + noun + verb (qui pecunias habent, 'who have riches'); Peshitta uses demonstrative + existential + prepositional phrase + noun (ܠܐܝܠܝܢ ܕܐܝܬ ܠܗܘܢ ܢܟܣܐ, 'to those who there-is to-them possessions'), reflecting distinct syntactic strategies across the three traditions.

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grammar All three attest

Greek NT εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ

Peshitta ܠܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ

Vulgate regnum Dei introibunt

Greek uses preposition + article + noun + article + genitive (εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ); Vulgate mirrors with preposition + noun + genitive (in regnum Dei); Peshitta uses preposition + construct chain (ܠܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ), lacking articles but semantically equivalent.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT εἰσελεύσονται

Peshitta ܕܢܥܠܘܢ

Greek places the verb at the end (εἰσελεύσονται, future indicative); Peshitta positions the verb earlier in the clause (ܕܢܥܠܘܢ, imperfect with d- prefix); Vulgate places it at the end (introibunt, future), reflecting Greek word order but with Latin morphology.

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punctuation Vulgate only

The Vulgate adds an exclamation mark to heighten the rhetorical force of Jesus' statement, a punctuation choice not reflected in Greek or Peshitta manuscript traditions.

Mark 10 : 23

批判性批註