Mark 4 : 10

Greek Καί and Vulgate Et open the verse paratactically; the Peshitta lacks an initial conjunction here, instead fronting the temporal particle ܟܕ ('when'), a stylistically common Syriac construction that subordinates rather than coordinates the clause.

The Greek postpositive δέ and its Syriac calque ܕܝܢ mark a mild discourse transition; the Vulgate renders no equivalent particle, a frequent Latin economy where δέ carries little semantic weight.

Greek ἐγένετο (aorist 3rd singular of γίνομαι) and Latin esset (imperfect subjunctive of esse) are both singular, referring to Jesus; the Peshitta ܗܘܘ is plural ('they were'), construing the subject as the group of disciples rather than Jesus, a subtle but real shift in referent.

Greek expresses 'alone/in private' with the prepositional idiom κατὰ μόνας; Latin uses the predicate adjective singularis; Syriac employs the single lexicalised reflexive adverb ܒܠܚܘܕܝܗܘܢ ('by themselves'), whose plural suffix again presumes a plural subject in line with the Peshitta's ܗܘܘ.

The pronominal object 'him' is a free accusative αὐτόν in Greek and eum in Latin, but in Syriac it is encoded as the enclitic object suffix on the verb ܫܐܠܘܗܝ ('they-asked-him'), a synthetic construction with no separate token.

Greek uses an articular prepositional phrase οἱ περὶ αὐτόν ('those around him'); Latin expands this into a full relative clause hi qui cum eo erant; Syriac employs the demonstrative plus a double-headed relative ܗܢܘܢ ܕܥܡܗ ('those who [were] with him'). The three render the same circle of associates by distinct syntactic means.

Greek σύν and Syriac ܥܡ ('with') govern 'the Twelve'; the Vulgate omits a comitative preposition, juxtaposing duodecim asyndetically after the relative clause, which slightly blurs whether the Twelve are a separate group or in apposition.

Greek τὰς παραβολάς is plural ('the parables'), whereas both the Vulgate parabolam and the Syriac ܡܬܠܐ stand as singular ('the parable'); the versions evidently construe a single representative parable, against the NA28 plural which generalises to Jesus' parabolic teaching.

The Peshitta appends the enclitic copula/pronoun ܗܘ at the clause end, a Syriac syntactic device serving to close and emphasise the nominal predicate; it has no counterpart in either the Greek or the Latin and adds no independent semantic content.