Mark 4 : 1

Greek ἤρξατο is a single aorist middle ('he began'); the Peshitta uses the periphrastic ܫܪܝ ܗܘܐ (perfect of 'to begin' + auxiliary ܗܘܐ), a characteristic Syriac construction marking past durative/inceptive aspect, whereas the Vulgate cœpit renders it with one perfect verb.

Greek παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν and Vulgate ad mare denote location 'beside/by the sea'; the Peshitta employs the idiomatic ܥܠ ܝܕ ܝܡܐ, literally 'upon the hand of the sea', the standard Syriac expression for 'on the shore/edge of the sea'. The Vulgate punctuation colon (idx 6) closes the clause.

Greek συνάγεται is a historic present passive singular agreeing with the collective ὄχλος; the Peshitta ܐܬܟܢܫܘ is an ethpaal perfect plural ('they gathered'), construing the crowd as a plurality, while the Vulgate congregata est is a perfect passive singular agreeing with turba.

Greek expresses the result clause with accusative subject αὐτόν + participle ἐμβάντα + articular infinitive τὸ καθῆσθαι ('that he, having embarked, sat'); the Vulgate mirrors this with participle ascendens + subjunctive sederet; the Peshitta uses two coordinate imperfect verbs ܕܢܣܩ ... ܢܬܒ ('that he should go up... and sit') with the ethical dative ܠܗ, a paratactic equivalent of the Greek participle-plus-infinitive.

Greek ἐν τῇ θαλάσσῃ and Vulgate in mari render 'in/on the sea'; the Peshitta condenses the locative phrase into a single prepositional word ܒܝܡܐ ('in the sea'), while ܒܣܦܝܢܬܐ ('in a boat', idx 16) supplies the noun that the Greek expressed earlier with εἰς πλοῖον. The Vulgate adds a comma after mari (idx 20).

Greek ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἦσαν ('they were on the land', imperfect plural of εἰμί); the Vulgate super terram erat uses the verb 'to be' (singular). The Peshitta substitutes the more vivid periphrastic ܩܐܡ ܗܘܐ ('was standing', from q-w-m) for the simple copula, a stylistic intensification not present in Greek or Latin.

Greek places the locative πρὸς τὴν θάλασσαν ('close to the sea') before the 'on the land' phrase; the Peshitta reverses the order, ending with its shore-idiom ܥܠ ܝܕ ܝܡܐ after ܥܠ ܐܪܥܐ, while the Vulgate circa mare ('around the sea') precedes super terram, agreeing with the Greek sequence. The Peshitta's transposition reflects its preference for closing on the geographic landmark.

The Vulgate closes the verse with a colon (idx 29), anticipating the parable discourse that follows in v. 3; this punctuation has no equivalent token in the Greek or Syriac, which mark the boundary by sentence division alone.