Mark 4 : 31

Greek and Latin use a simple relative pronoun (ὃς / quod) to subordinate the following clause; the Peshitta employs the proleptic/anticipatory pronoun ܗܝ together with the d-relative prefix on ܕܚܪܕܠܐ and ܕܡܐ, producing the characteristic Syriac double-headed relative construction, semantically equivalent but syntactically distinct.

Greek ὅταν and Latin cum render a temporal clause directly; the Peshitta uses ܕܡܐ, a compound relative-temporal particle ('when, whensoever'), which carries forward the chain of d-prefixed subordinators and is idiomatic for the Syriac periphrasis of the Greek subjunctive.

Greek σπαρῇ is a single aorist passive subjunctive; Latin renders the future-perfect periphrasis seminatum fuerit ('shall have been sown') with two words; the Peshitta ܕܐܙܕܪܥܬ is the Ethpaal/Ethpeel (reflexive-passive) of z-r-ʿ, all expressing the passive 'is/has been sown' but with differing tense-aspect nuance.

Greek uses the prepositional phrase ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς with the article ('upon the earth') and Latin in terra; the Peshitta compresses the whole phrase into the single inflected form ܒܐܪܥܐ (b- 'in/on' prefixed to ܐܪܥܐ), a normal Syriac economy lacking a separate article.

Greek expresses the predicate with the comparative adjective μικρότερον plus the participle ὂν ('being smaller'); Latin uses the positive minus with the finite copula est; the Peshitta ܙܥܘܪܝܐ ܗܝ pairs the adjective with the enclitic pronoun ܗܝ functioning as copula — three idiomatic ways of forming the 'is smallest/smaller' predicate.

Greek σπερμάτων ('seeds') and Latin seminibus stand for the generic plural; the Peshitta ܙܪܥܘܢܐ is a diminutive-collective plural ('little seeds/grains') from the root z-r-ʿ, subtly emphasising the smallness already in view in the parable.

Greek repeats the full articular phrase τῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς and Latin renders the relative clause quæ sunt in terra with an explicit copula sunt; the Peshitta compresses this to ܕܥܠ ܐܪܥܐ ('that [are] on the earth'), omitting an overt verb 'to be' as Syriac permits in such relative clauses; the closing Vulgate colon is editorial punctuation absent from the Greek and Syriac.