Mark 12 : 34

Greek uses coordinating conjunction καὶ with article ὁ; Peshitta employs the contrastive particle ܕܝܢ (dēn, 'but/now'); Vulgate uses autem ('however/moreover'). The Peshitta and Vulgate both signal a mild adversative or transitional nuance absent in the simple Greek καί.

Greek uses aorist participle ἰδὼν with accusative object αὐτόν ('having seen him'); Peshitta employs the perfect ܚܙܝܗܝ (ḥzāyhy) with pronominal suffix; Vulgate uses present participle videns. All three express the same participial construction, but Greek and Syriac encode the object pronominally while Latin leaves it implicit until the main clause.

Greek ὅτι and Vulgate quod introduce the content clause ('that he answered wisely'); Peshitta omits the complementizer, using asyndetic construction with the adverb ܕܚܟܝܡܐܝܬ directly modifying the participle ܡܦܢܐ, a typical Syriac stylistic preference for tighter syntax.

Greek has adverb νουνεχῶς ('wisely') modifying verb ἀπεκρίθη ('he answered'); Vulgate mirrors this with sapienter respondisset. Peshitta expands with three tokens: ܕܚܟܝܡܐܝܬ ܡܦܢܐ ܦܬܓܡܐ ('wisely returning [the] word/answer'), where ܦܬܓܡܐ (peṯgāmā, 'word/matter') is an added direct object, creating a more explicit verbal construction typical of Syriac narrative style.

Greek uses single verb εἶπεν ('he said'); Vulgate has dixit. Peshitta employs a compound verbal construction ܥܢܐ ܘܐܡܪ ('he answered and said'), a common Semitic hendiadys for emphasis or narrative flow, semantically equivalent but syntactically doubled.

Greek αὐτῷ· (dative pronoun with high stop) transitions directly to direct speech; Peshitta ܠܗ (preposition + pronoun) does likewise without punctuation marker; Vulgate inserts colon (:) after illi to formally demarcate the quotation, a Latin editorial convention not present in Greek or Syriac manuscripts.

Greek: οὐ μακρὰν εἶ ἀπὸ τῆς βασιλείας τοῦ θεοῦ (negation-adverb-verb-preposition-article-noun-article-noun); Peshitta: ܠܐ ܗܘܝܬ ܪܚܝܩ ܡܢ ܡܠܟܘܬܐ ܕܐܠܗܐ (negation-verb-adjective-preposition-noun-genitive), placing the verb earlier and omitting the article (Syriac lacks definite articles in this construction). Vulgate: Non es longe a regno Dei (negation-verb-adverb-preposition-noun-noun), mirroring Greek word order but without articles. All three convey identical semantics with minor syntactic variation.

Greek οὐκέτι ('no longer') precedes the verb ἐτόλμα; Vulgate jam ('now/already') follows nemo and precedes audebat, inverting the temporal adverb's position; Peshitta ܬܘܒ ('again/anymore') likewise follows ܐܢܫ and precedes the verb. The Greek compound negative οὐκέτι is rendered analytically in both Peshitta and Vulgate, with slight positional shifts that do not alter meaning.