Mark 4:18 — Greek / Peshitta / Vulgate aligned

𝔊 grk ℙ syr 𝔙 vul

construction All three attest

Greek NT καὶ

Peshitta ܘܗܢܘܢ

Vulgate Et

Greek begins with the simple connective καὶ followed by the substantive ἄλλοι; the Syriac fuses the conjunction with the demonstrative pronoun ܘܗܢܘܢ ('and these/those'), anticipating the relative clause and effectively omitting a separate word for 'others.' Latin retains the discrete Et.

𝔊 grk ℙ syr 𝔙 vul

omission Two witnesses

Greek NT ἄλλοι

Vulgate alii

Greek ἄλλοι and Latin alii ('others') explicitly mark a distinct fourth group of seed-hearers; the Peshitta lacks an independent lexeme for 'others,' having absorbed the referential force into the demonstrative ܘܗܢܘܢ in the preceding group.

𝔊 grk ℙ syr 𝔙 vul

construction All three attest

Greek NT εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας

Peshitta ܕܒܝܬ ܟܘܒܐ

Vulgate in spinas

Greek uses preposition + article + plural accusative (εἰς τὰς ἀκάνθας, 'into the thorns') and Latin matches with in spinas; the Syriac employs the construct phrase ܕܒܝܬ ܟܘܒܐ ('that within the place of thorns'), where ܒܝܬ functions as a locative nominaliser ('in the midst of') rather than a literal noun 'house.'

𝔊 grk ℙ syr 𝔙 vul

construction All three attest

Greek NT σπειρόμενοι·

Peshitta ܡܙܕܪܥܝܢ

Vulgate seminantur hi

Greek uses the present passive participle σπειρόμενοι ('being sown'); Syriac ܡܙܕܪܥܝܢ is an Ettaphal/reflexive-passive participle of the same agricultural root; Latin renders with the finite present passive seminantur plus the colon punctuation, converting the participial substantive into a relative clause.

𝔊 grk ℙ syr 𝔙 vul

grammar All three attest

Greek NT ἀκούσαντες

Peshitta ܕܫܡܥܘ

Greek uses the aorist active participle ἀκούσαντες ('having heard'), marking completed action; both Syriac ܕܫܡܥܘ (perfect 'who heard') and Latin audiunt (present 'who hear') diverge in tense-aspect, the Vulgate notably preferring the present to depict the habitual hearing of this seed-group.

Mark 4 : 18

Critical apparatus