Mark 11 : 13

Greek uses conjunction καὶ plus aorist participle ἰδών (coordinated participial construction); Vulgate employs cumque vidisset (temporal cum-clause with pluperfect subjunctive); Peshitta uses simple ܘܚܙܐ (waw-consecutive perfect). All three express the same temporal-causal relationship but through distinct syntactic strategies.

Greek and Vulgate place 'fig tree' immediately after the verb of seeing (συκῆν / ficum), while Peshitta inserts the numeral ܚܕܐ ('one') yielding 'a certain fig tree' (ܬܬܐ ܚܕܐ), a typical Semitic indefinite construction. The semantic content remains identical.

Greek uses accusative participle ἔχουσαν φύλλα agreeing with συκῆν (attributive participial phrase); Vulgate mirrors this with habentem folia (accusative participle); Peshitta employs a relative clause construction ܕܐܝܬ ܒܗ ܛܪܦܐ ('that there-is in-it leaves'), using the existential particle ܐܝܬ with pronominal suffix. Syntactically distinct but semantically equivalent.

Greek ἦλθεν and Vulgate venit are simple verbs of motion ('he came'); Peshitta adds the directional phrase ܠܘܬܗ ('to it'), making the destination explicit. This is a characteristic Syriac clarification, rendering implicit Greek/Latin syntax overt.

Greek εἰ ἄρα τι εὑρήσει ('if perhaps anything he-will-find') uses the particle ἄρα to express contingency; Vulgate renders this with si quid forte inveniret (subjunctive with forte 'perhaps'), adding a colon for punctuation; Peshitta uses ܕܐܢ ܢܫܟܚ ܒܗ ܡܕܡ ('that if he-might-find in-it something'), employing the conditional ܕܐܢ. All three convey the same tentative expectation through tradition-specific modal constructions.

Greek καὶ ἐλθὼν ἐπ᾽ αὐτήν (coordinated aorist participle with preposition ἐπί); Vulgate et cum venisset ad eam (temporal cum-clause with ad + accusative); Peshitta ܘܟܕ ܐܬܐ (waw + temporal particle ܟܕ, 'and when he-came'), omitting an explicit prepositional phrase for 'to it' since already stated in token 9. Syntactic variation with semantic equivalence.

Greek and Vulgate place the negative pronoun before the verb (οὐδὲν εὗρεν / nihil invenit, 'nothing he-found'); Peshitta uses verb-initial order ܠܐ ܐܫܟܚ ܒܗ ('not he-found in-it'), with the negative particle ܠܐ preceding the verb and the prepositional phrase ܒܗ ('in it') following. Word-order divergence reflecting Syriac VSO preference.

Greek ὁ γὰρ καιρὸς οὐκ ἦν σύκων uses the articular nominative ὁ καιρός with genitive plural σύκων ('the season of figs was not'); Vulgate non enim erat tempus ficorum mirrors this structure exactly; Peshitta ܙܒܢܐ ܓܝܪ ܠܐ ܗܘܐ ܗܘܐ ܕܬܐܢܐ employs a double ܗܘܐ (pluperfect periphrastic construction, 'the time indeed not had-been was of-figs'), a characteristic Syriac pluperfect formation absent in Greek and Latin.