Mark 16 : 14

Greek ὕστερον δὲ ('afterward now') uses a comparative adverb with postpositive particle; Vulgate Novissime employs a superlative ('at last, finally'); Peshitta ܐܚܪܝܬ ܕܝܢ mirrors the Greek construction with temporal adverb plus ܕܝܢ (= δέ). All three convey finality but with different degrees of emphasis.

Greek places the participle ἀνακειμένοις before the dative αὐτοῖς τοῖς ἕνδεκα ('to them, the eleven, reclining'); Vulgate inverts to recumbentibus illis undecim (participle–pronoun–numeral); Peshitta uses a temporal clause ܟܕ ܣܡܝܟܝܢ ('while reclining') following ܠܚܕܥܣܪ ('to the eleven'), restructuring the syntax but preserving the semantic content.

Greek ἐφανερώθη and Peshitta ܐܬܚܙܝ are semantically aligned ('he appeared/was manifested'); Vulgate apparuit is followed by a colon (token 5), introducing a pause before the rebuke clause. The punctuation reflects Latin rhetorical convention but does not alter the propositional content.

Greek uses article + noun + genitive pronoun (τὴν ἀπιστίαν αὐτῶν, 'the unbelief of them'); Vulgate employs noun + genitive pronoun without article (incredulitatem eorum); Peshitta uses a construct-state noun with pronominal suffix (ܠܚܣܝܪܘܬ ܗܝܡܢܘܬܗܘܢ, 'to-lack-of faith-their'), a typical Semitic possessive construction. All three are functionally equivalent.

Greek σκληροκαρδίαν is a single compound noun ('hardness-of-heart'); Vulgate expands to duritiam cordis (noun + genitive, 'hardness of heart') with a following colon (token 13); Peshitta ܘܠܩܫܝܘܬ ܠܒܗܘܢ ('and-to-hardness heart-their') uses a construct phrase with pronominal suffix. The Vulgate colon again marks rhetorical structure without semantic divergence.

Greek uses article + aorist participle + accusative pronoun (τοῖς θεασαμένοις αὐτὸν, 'to those having seen him'); Vulgate employs a relative clause (iis qui viderant eum, 'to those who had seen him'); Peshitta uses a double-headed relative construction (ܕܠܗܢܘܢ ܕܚܙܐܘܗܝ, 'that-to-those who-saw-him'). All three express the same referent but with distinct syntactic strategies.