Mark 14 : 40

The Greek καί introduces the clause with the participle ἐλθών ('having come') carrying the motion; the Peshitta renders the verb of return as a finite verb ܘܗܦܟ ('and he returned'), and the Vulgate matches the Syriac with a perfect participle reversus. The Syriac thus splits a single Greek action into coordinated finite verbs.

Greek expresses the coming as an aorist participle ἐλθών; the Peshitta places the finite verb ܐܬܐ ('he came') after the return verb, and the Vulgate's reversus collapses both notions. The sequencing of the motion verbs differs across all three witnesses.

Greek and Latin use a participle (καθεύδοντας / dormientes, 'sleeping') as an accusative complement; Syriac employs the subordinating particle ܟܕ ('while') plus a participle ܕܡܟܝܢ, a circumstantial clause idiomatic in Syriac for rendering Greek supplementary participles.

Greek carries the article οἱ before ὀφθαλμοί, a feature absent in both Latin (oculi) and Syriac, where the noun ܥܝܢ- is articulated only by context and the attached pronominal suffix. The Syriac packs article-equivalence, noun, and genitive pronoun into a single morphological word.

Greek καταβαρυνόμενοι ('being weighed down/wearied') is a passive participle; the Vulgate gravati ('made heavy') matches the metaphor, while the Syriac ܝܩܝܪܢ (root y-q-r, 'to be heavy/honoured') uses a stative form, a precise semantic cognate for physical heaviness of the eyes.

Greek uses the pluperfect ᾔδεισαν ('they had known/knew') with stative force; the Vulgate renders an imperfect ignorabant; the Syriac employs the periphrastic participle plus enclitic ܝܕܥܝܢ ܗܘܘ ('they were knowing'), the standard Syriac construction for past durative or stative knowledge.