Mark 15 : 44

Greek fronts the articular subject ὁ ... Πιλᾶτος, whereas both Syriac ܦܝܠܛܘܣ and Latin Pilatus render the name anarthrously; the Greek article here marks subject continuity rather than definiteness, a feature lost in the Semitic and Latin transmission.

Greek ἤδη ('already') and Latin jam are single adverbs, while Syriac renders the same temporal sense with the idiomatic phrase ܡܢ ܟܕܘ ('since now / already'); the divergence is purely periphrastic, not semantic.

Greek perfect τέθνηκεν stresses the resultant state of being dead, the Vulgate subjunctive obiisset reflects indirect interrogation after si, and Syriac ܡܝܬ is an unmarked perfect; the three tenses encode the same fact through differing aspectual systems.

Greek ἐπηρώτησεν and Latin interrogavit are independent finite verbs governing a separate object pronoun, whereas Syriac ܘܫܐܠܗ incorporates the pronominal object as an enclitic suffix and continues the paratactic chain begun with ܘܩܪܐ.

The accusative object αὐτὸν / eum stands as a free word in Greek and Latin but is realised in Syriac as the verbal suffix -ܗ on ܘܫܐܠܗ; the object is present in all three witnesses, only its morphological attachment differs.

Greek πάλαι ('long ago / some time since') is matched by the Vulgate jam ('already'), a softer rendering, while Syriac expands to ܡܢ ܩܕܡ ܥܕܢܐ ('from before [the] time / some while ago'); the Syriac periphrasis preserves the durative nuance of πάλαι more fully than the Latin.

Greek aorist ἀπέθανεν and Syriac ܡܝܬ are simple finite verbs of death, whereas the Vulgate employs the periphrastic perfect subjunctive mortuus esset to mark the indirect question; the lexical content is identical.