Mark 12 : 1

Greek ἤρξατο ('he began') is a finite middle aorist; the Peshitta fuses the conjunction and inceptive verb into a single form ܘܫܪܝ ('and he began'), so the Syriac index 0 serves both the conjunction and verb slots here. Latin cœpit matches the Greek closely.

Greek and Latin render 'in parables' as preposition + plural noun (ἐν παραβολαῖς / in parabolis); the Peshitta uses a single prefixed-preposition form ܒܡܬܠܐ which, though morphologically singular in appearance, functions as the standard Syriac equivalent of the plural sense.

Greek ἄνθρωπος and Latin homo are bare nouns ('a man'); the Peshitta adds the numeral-indefinite ܚܕ ('one/a certain') after ܓܒܪܐ, a typical Syriac idiom for introducing an unspecified agent into a narrative.

All three attest 'planted a vineyard' (ἐφύτευσεν / ܢܨܒ / pastinavit), but the word order differs: Greek and Latin front the object (ἀμπελῶνα / Vineam) before the subject and verb, while the Peshitta places verb ܢܨܒ before object ܟܪܡܐ in a conventional Semitic VSO arrangement.

Greek καὶ περιέθηκεν and Latin et circumdedit ('and placed/set around') employ a conjunction plus finite verb; the Peshitta compresses 'and he surrounded it' into ܘܐܚܕܪܗ with an enclitic pronominal object suffix ('-it'), supplying the object that Greek and Latin leave implicit.

Greek καὶ ὤρυξεν and Latin et fodit ('and dug') stand without a locative complement; the Peshitta ܘܚܦܪ adds the prepositional ܒܗ ('in it', index 11) clarifying that the vat was dug within the vineyard, a minor explanatory expansion.

Greek ὑπολήνιον denotes the trough beneath a winepress; Latin lacum ('a vat/pit') and Syriac ܡܥܨܪܬܐ (from root ʿ-ṣ-r, 'to press') both render the wine-pressing installation, with each tradition choosing a lexeme rooted in its own viticultural vocabulary.

Greek καὶ ᾠκοδόμησεν and Latin et ædificavit ('and built') have no locative object; the Peshitta ܘܒܢܐ again appends ܒܗ ('in it', index 14), paralleling the earlier addition and reinforcing that the tower stood within the vineyard.

Greek καὶ ἐξέδετο αὐτὸν ('and rented it out') and Latin et locavit eam use conjunction, finite verb, and separate accusative pronoun; the Peshitta fuses all three into ܘܐܘܚܕܗ with a pronominal suffix ('-it'), a construction-level compression typical of Syriac verbal morphology.

Greek καὶ ἀπεδήμησεν ('and went abroad') uses a single compound verb; Latin renders it periphrastically with et peregre profectus est ('and set out to a foreign land'); the Peshitta uses the conjoined ܘܚܙܩ (root kh-z-q, here 'departed/journeyed'), all conveying the landowner's departure but each by distinct lexical and syntactic means.