Mark 9:31 — Greek / Peshitta / Vulgate aligned

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construction All three attest

Greek NT ἐδίδασκεν

Peshitta ܡܠܦ ܗܘܐ

Vulgate Docebat

Greek uses imperfect ἐδίδασκεν alone; Peshitta employs periphrastic construction ܡܠܦ ܗܘܐ (participle + auxiliary 'was'); Vulgate mirrors Greek with simple imperfect Docebat. All three express continuous past action, but Syriac uses analytic construction typical of its verbal system.

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lexical All three attest

Greek NT γὰρ

Peshitta ܓܝܪ

Vulgate autem

Greek γάρ and Syriac ܓܝܪ are cognate loanwords; Vulgate substitutes autem ('however'), a stylistic preference for Latin discourse connectives where Greek uses explanatory γάρ.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ

Peshitta ܠܬܠܡܝܕܘܗܝ

Vulgate discipulos suos

Greek uses article + noun + possessive pronoun (τοὺς μαθητὰς αὐτοῦ); Vulgate mirrors this structure (discipulos suos); Syriac employs a single bound form with pronominal suffix ܠܬܠܡܝܕܘܗܝ, a typical Semitic construction expressing the same relationship more compactly.

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punctuation Two witnesses

Greek NT ὅτι

Vulgate Quoniam

Vulgate inserts colon after illis to mark direct discourse; Greek ὅτι functions as quotation marker; Peshitta uses ܕ- prefix on the following verb, requiring no separate conjunction. The divergence is purely orthographic.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου

Peshitta ܕܒܪܗ ܕܐܢܫܐ

Vulgate Filius hominis tradetur

Greek uses double article construction (ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου); Vulgate employs genitive without article (Filius hominis); Syriac uses construct state ܕܒܪܗ ܕܐܢܫܐ with ܕ- marking both relationships. All three express the titular 'Son of Man' idiomatically within their respective grammatical systems.

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grammar All three attest

Greek NT εἰς χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων

Peshitta ܒܐܝܕܝ ܐܢܫܐ

Vulgate manus hominum et

Greek uses plural χεῖρας ἀνθρώπων ('hands of men'); Vulgate mirrors with manus hominum (plural); Syriac ܒܐܝܕܝ ܐܢܫܐ uses dual form ܐܝܕܝ ('two hands'), reflecting Semitic dual morphology for paired body parts, though semantically equivalent to the Greek/Latin plurals.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσιν αὐτόν

Peshitta ܘܢܩܛܠܘܢܝܗܝ

Vulgate occident eum et

Greek uses conjunction + finite verb + pronoun (καὶ ἀποκτενοῦσιν αὐτόν); Vulgate mirrors this (et occident eum); Syriac employs single verb ܘܢܩܛܠܘܢܝܗܝ with object suffix, a more compact Semitic construction expressing the same predication.

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construction All three attest

Greek NT καὶ ἀποκτανθεὶς

Peshitta ܘܡܐ ܕܐܬܩܛܠ

Vulgate occisus tertia

Greek uses conjunction + aorist passive participle (καὶ ἀποκτανθεὶς); Vulgate employs conjunction + perfect passive participle (et occisus); Syriac uses conjunction + temporal particle + passive verb (ܘܡܐ ܕܐܬܩܛܠ, 'and when he is killed'), converting the participial construction into a temporal clause.

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idiom All three attest

Greek NT μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας

Peshitta ܒܝܘܡܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ

Vulgate die resurget

Greek μετὰ τρεῖς ἡμέρας ('after three days') uses preposition + accusative plural; Syriac ܒܝܘܡܐ ܕܬܠܬܐ ('on the third day') uses construct state meaning 'on the day of three'; Vulgate tertia die ('on the third day') uses ablative of time. The Syriac and Latin reflect the more precise chronological idiom found in parallel passion predictions (cf. Matt 16:21), while Greek preserves the Semitic idiom 'after three days.'

Mark 9 : 31

Critical apparatus