Mark 3 : 21

Greek uses an aorist participle (ἀκούσαντες); Vulgate employs a temporal clause with cum + pluperfect subjunctive (cum audissent); Syriac integrates the verb into the main clause with waw-consecutive. All three convey temporal anteriority but through different syntactic strategies.

Greek οἱ παρ᾽ αὐτοῦ ('those belonging to him') is deliberately vague, likely referring to family or associates. Peshitta explicitly reads ܐܚܝܢܘܗܝ ('his brothers'), a clarifying gloss. Vulgate sui ('his own people') preserves the Greek ambiguity but in Latin idiom.

Vulgate inserts a colon before the explanatory clause, marking a stronger discourse break than Greek or Syriac punctuation conventions typically signal.

Greek ἔλεγον is imperfect active indicative; Syriac ܐܡܪܝܢ ܗܘܘ uses the periphrastic construction (participle + auxiliary) to express continuous past action; Vulgate dicebant mirrors the Greek imperfect. Semantically equivalent, morphologically distinct.

Vulgate again inserts a colon before the ὅτι-clause, creating a two-stage discourse structure absent in Greek and Syriac witnesses.

Greek ἐξέστη ('he is out of his mind') is a single verb denoting mental derangement. Syriac ܕܡܢ ܗܘܢܗ ܢܦܩ ('that from his mind he has gone out') uses a prepositional phrase + verb, literalizing the metaphor. Vulgate in furorem versus est ('he has been turned into madness') employs a passive periphrastic construction with furorem, intensifying the semantic force toward 'rage' or 'frenzy' rather than mere insanity.