Mark 4 : 13

Greek λέγει is present tense ('he says'), a vivid historic present typical of Markan narrative; both the Syriac ܘܐܡܪ and the Latin ait render it with a past/perfective ('and he said'), levelling the historic present into a simple narrative past.

The Vulgate inserts an explicit colon to mark the boundary between the narrative frame and direct speech. The Greek and Syriac convey this transition without dedicated punctuation in the base text.

Greek οἴδατε and Latin Nescitis encode the 2nd-person plural subject within the verb form; Syriac analytically separates the participle ܝܕܥܝܢ from the enclitic pronoun ܐܢܬܘܢ ('you'), reflecting the standard Syriac participle-plus-pronoun present-tense construction. The Latin further fuses the negation into the verb (Ne-scitis).

Syriac adds a proleptic resumptive pronoun ܠܗ ('it') anticipating the object ܠܡܬܠܐ ('the parable'), a characteristic Syriac construction marking a definite direct object; this anticipatory pronoun has no counterpart in the Greek article-plus-noun or the bare Latin accusative parabolam.

The Vulgate supplies an explicit question mark closing the first interrogative clause; the Greek interrogative is signalled lexically and by the editorial mark on ταύτην;, while the Syriac relies on context alone in the unpointed base text.

Greek separates the conjunction καί from the interrogative πῶς, and Latin likewise (Et quomodo); Syriac fuses both into the single form ܘܐܝܟܢܐ ('and-how'), a univerbated conjunction-plus-interrogative typical of Syriac morphology.

Greek marks definiteness with the article τὰς before παραβολὰς ('all the parables'); both Latin (omnes parabolas) and Syriac (ܟܠܗܘܢ ܡܬܠܐ) omit any article, as neither language possesses a definite article, conveying the same generalising sense without it.

The Vulgate closes the second question with an explicit interrogative mark; the Greek conveys interrogation through editorial punctuation on γνώσεσθε; and the Syriac through the interrogative ܘܐܝܟܢܐ alone, without terminal punctuation in the base consonantal text.