Mark 7 : 18

Greek and Vulgate open with the connective καί / Et; the Peshitta omits the introductory conjunction altogether, beginning directly with the verb ܐܡܪ, a common Syriac stylistic preference avoiding sentence-initial waw before a finite verb of speaking.

Greek λέγει is present tense (historic present, 'he says'); the Vulgate ait and Peshitta ܐܡܪ both render with a past/perfect ('he said'), normalising the vivid Greek historic present into a narrative preterite.

Greek ἀσύνετοί ἐστε ('are you without understanding') is rendered in the Vulgate with imprudentes estis, shifting from intellectual incapacity toward imprudence; the Peshitta ܥܛܠܝܢ ܐܢܬܘܢ uses the root e-T-l connoting 'dull/obtuse/slow', a further lexical nuance. The Vulgate marks the interrogation with a question mark (idx 9).

Greek νοεῖτε and Vulgate intelligitis are single finite verbs; the Peshitta employs the periphrastic participle plus enclitic pronoun ܝܕܥܝܢ ܐܢܬܘܢ, the standard Syriac analytic present construction expressing the same durative sense.

Greek πᾶν and Vulgate omne use a single neuter substantive ('everything'); the Peshitta renders with the idiomatic pair ܟܠ ܡܕܡ ('all [a] thing'), a fixed Syriac collocation for 'everything' employing the indefinite noun ܡܕܡ.

Greek uses article + adverb τὸ ἔξωθεν ('that which is from outside'); the Vulgate extrinsecus reproduces the adverb alone; the Peshitta expands to a prepositional phrase ܕܡܢ ܠܒܪ ('that which is from without'), syntactically fuller but semantically equivalent.

Greek κοινῶσαι and Peshitta ܡܣܝܒ both denote cultic 'defilement/pollution'; the Vulgate communicare ('to make common') is a calque on the Greek root κοινός but loses the negative 'defile' connotation in classical Latin, reflecting the Septuagintal sense of κοινόω as ritual contamination. The Vulgate's closing colon (idx 22) anticipates the following clause.

The resumptive object pronoun (αὐτόν / ܠܗ / eum) occupies different positions: Greek places it before the infinitive κοινῶσαι, Latin before communicare, while the Peshitta enclitic ܠܗ follows the verb, each conforming to its language's preferred clitic placement.